Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury occurs in many clinical cases,such as in major liver resection using the Pringle maneuver,liver transplantation,and hemorrhagic shock with fluid resuscitation.I/R injury is a major factor that strongly influences the recovery of patients after liver resection.During liver transplantation, I/R injury is responsible for up to 10%of early organ failure and may increase the incidence of both acute and chronic rejection.Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)has been successfully us...